Utohozi wa Nomino za Kiswahili katika Kimaswamu

Abstract

Makutano ya lugha katika jamii ni jambo lisiloepukika kutokana na sababu za kihistoria, kisiasa, kielimu, kidini, kiuchumi na kiutamaduni-jamii. Makutano hayo husababisha ukopaji wa maneno. Kutokana na kuwapo kwa mifumo tofauti ya lugha, michakato ya ukopaji hutofautiana kutoka lugha moja kwenda lugha nyingine. Lengo la makala hii lilikuwa kuchunguza michakato ya kifonolojia na kimofolojia inayojitokeza wakati wa utohozi wa nomino. Data zilikusanywa mkoani Njombe, nchini Tanzania, katika Wilaya ya Wanging’ombe kwa mbinu za hojaji, usaili na ushuhudiaji. Data zilichambuliwa kwa kutumia mkabala wa kitaamuli, ambapo mbinu ya uchanganuzi kidhamira ilitumika. Nadharia zilizoongoza uchambuzi wa data ni Nadharia ya Fonolojia Zalishi (NFZ), iliyoasisiwa na Noam Chomsky na Morris Halle (1968), pamoja na Nadharia ya Mofolojia Leksika (NML), ambayo mwasisi wake ni Paul Kiparsky (1982). Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanaonesha kuwa wakati wa utohozi wa nomino hizo, michakato ya kifonolojia (uchopekaji, udondoshaji, ubadilishaji sauti na urefushaji wa irabu) na kimofolojia (uambishaji wa kiambishi awali kitangulizi na kiambishi ngeli) hufanyika kwa kufuata kanuni za Kimaswamu ili ziweze kukubalika katika sarufi ya lugha hiyo. Kila mahali palipotokea mabadiliko ya fonimu, kwa kiasi fulani fonimu za Kiswahili zilichukua nduni bainifu za fonimu za Kimaswamu na kuwa na mazingira bayana ya utokeaji. Kutokana na matokeo haya, makala hii inapendekeza utafiti zaidi ufanyike kuhusiana na viarudhi katika maneno ya Kimaswamu yaliyotoholewa kutoka Kiswahili ili kubaini uasilishaji wake. Pia, utafiti ufanyike katika maneno ya aina nyingine kama vile vitenzi ili kubaini michakato ya utohozi.

Maneno Msingi: Kimaswamu, utohozi, maneno mkopo, mofolojia, fonolojia

Language contact in society is inevitable due to historical, political, educational, religious, economic and socio-cultural reasons. The contact leads to the borrowing of words. Due to the existence of different language systems, borrowing processes vary from one language to another.The aim of this article was to examine the phonological and morphological processes that emerge during borrowing a noun. Data were collected in Wanging’ombe district of the Njombe region of Tanzania, through questionnaire, interview and observation methods. Qualitative approach was employed for data analysis, whereas thematic method was used. The generative phonological theory, developed by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle (1968), as well as lexical morphology theory, developed by Paul Kiparsky (1982), guided the data analysis process. The findings of the study show that when borrowing nouns, phonological processes (insertion, deletion, sound change and vowel lengthening) and morphological processes (pre-prefixation and noun class prefixation) take place in accordance with Kimaswamu rules so that they are acceptable in the grammar of the language. Wherever there was a phonemic change, Swahili phonemes somehow took over the distinctive features of the Kimaswamu phonemes and manifest a clear context for their emergence. This article recommends further research into prosodic features of Kimaswamu words loaned from Swahili to identify its adaptation. Also, research should be done in other word types such as verbs to identify borrowing processes.

Keywords: Kimaswamu, borrowing, loan words, morphology, phonology